Blood Pressure (BP)

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood throughout the body. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the highest pressure, which occurs when the heart beats, and is measured in the top number. Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure, which occurs when the heart is at rest, and is measured in the bottom number. A normal blood pressure reading is typically considered to be less than 120/80 mmHg. Blood pressure that is too high can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease, while blood pressure that is too low can cause dizziness and fainting.

Causes of high BP:

1. Genetic factors can play a significant role, with certain genetic variations increasing the risk of developing high blood pressure.

1. Lifestyle choices, such as a diet rich in sodium and saturated fats, physical inactivity, and obesity, are also common contributors.
2. Certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease, diabetes, and sleep apnea, can also increase blood pressure.
3. Additionally, certain medications, such as birth control pills and certain antidepressants, can raise blood pressure.
4. Other causes include hormonal imbalances, such as those experienced during pregnancy or menopause, and environmental factors, such as stress and exposure to certain chemicals. In some cases, high blood pressure may be caused by an underlying condition, such as kidney disease or heart failure, which requires prompt medical attention to prevent further complications.

Causes of low BP:

1. Dehydration, which occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in, and inadequate blood volume, which can be due to blood loss or congestive heart failure.
2. Certain medications, such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers, can also cause low blood pressure.
3. Additionally, certain medical conditions, such as anemia, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders, can increase the risk of developing low blood pressure.
4. Hormonal changes, such as those that occur during pregnancy or menopause, can also lead to low blood pressure.
5. Other factors that can contribute to low blood pressure include a sudden drop in blood pressure due to standing up too quickly, a sudden loss of blood due to injury or surgery, and certain sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea.

Symptoms of High BP:

1. Headaches
2. Dizziness or lightheadedness
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Fatigue and weakness
5. Nosebleeds
6. Chest pain or discomfort
7. Shortness of breath
8. Blood spots in the eyes

Symptoms of Low BP:

1. Dizziness or lightheadedness when standing up or changing positions
2. Fainting or near-fainting episodes
3. Weakness or fatigue
4. Shakiness or tremors
5. Headaches
6. Confusion or disorientation
7. Cold, clammy skin
8. Pale or blue-tinged skin
9. Rapid or weak pulse